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" Past tense "

  •            "Past indefinite tense"


पहचान:-इस टेंस की क्रिया से यह पता चलता है कि कार्य भूतकाल में किसी समय समाप्त हो गया। जब हिंदी वाक्यों की क्रियाओं की बनावट धातु +आ/ई/ए +था/थी/थे आदि होती है, तब इन क्रियाओं का अनुवाद प्रायः past indefinite tense में होता है।
           "Rules for translation"
Affirmative sentence :-
#   Sub + V2 + O 
e.g. :- मैंने खाया था। I ate. वह मेरे पास आया। He came to me. मोहन पटना गया था। Mohan went to Patna.
Negative sentence:-

# Sub + didn't + V1 + O 
e.g. :- उसने नहीं खाया। He didn't eat. तुमने नहीं खाया था। You didn't it.

 Interrogative sentence:-

 #.   Did + Sub + Not + V1+ O
e.g. :- क्या मैंने खाया? Did I eat ? क्या तुमने गाली नहीं दी ? Did you not abuse?

                 " Wh-question "
#.   What/when/where/how/ why + did + Sub + not + V1 + o
e.g. :- वह कहां गया? Where did he go? तुम लोग पटना कब गए थे? When did you go to Patna? उसने क्या करना चाहा? What did he want to do?
           "Past continuous tense"

पहचान:- हिंदी के जिस वाक्य के अंत में रहा था  / रही थी/ रहे थे इत्यादि आते हैं उसे present continuous tense का वाक्य समझते हैं।
         "  Rules for translation "
Affirmative sentence:-

#  Sub + was/were + v + ing + o
e.g . :- वे लोग खा रहे थे। They were eating . मैं पढ़ रहा था । I was reading.

         "   Negative sentence   "
#.    Sub + was/were + not + v + ing + o 
e.g. :- मैं नहीं खा रहा था । I was not eating . कुत्ते नहीं भौंक रहे थे । The dogs Where are not barking. मैं नहीं झगड़ रहा था । I was not quarrelling.

          "Interrogative sentence"
#   Was/were + Sub + not + V + ing+
 o 
e.g. :- क्या मैं जा रहा था ? Was I going ? क्या राम पढ़ रहा था ?  Was Ram reading? क्या मैं नहीं पढ़ रहा था ? Was I  not reading ? 

                "Wh- question"
# When/Why/Where/What/How+ was/were + s + not + v-ing + o
e.g. :- राम कहां जा रहा था ? Where was Ram going ? तुम कब पढ़ रहे थे ? When were you reading ? वे लोग क्यों रो रहे थे ?  Why were they weeping ? 

           "  Past perfect tense  "
पहचान:- यदि भूतकाल में दो कार्य हुए हो और एक कार्य दूसरे कार्य के पहले पूर्णरूपेण समाप्त हो गया हो तो पहले समाप्त होने वाले कार्य के लिए past perfect tense की क्रिया का प्रयोग और बाद में समाप्त होने वाले कार्य के लिए past indefinite tense की क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है।
Past perfect tense की क्रिया की बनावट निम्न प्रकार से होती है :- 
          Sub   + had + V3 + o 
        
      "     Affirmative sentence    '
#            Sub + had + V3 + o 
e.g.  :- पुलिस के आने से पहले चोर भाग चुका था। The thief had fled away before the police came . घंटी बजने के पहले मैं स्कूल जा चुका था । I had reached the school before the bell rang . जब वे गए तो सूरज अस्त हो चुका था । When they left the sun had set .

          "   Negative sentence. "
#.         Sub + had + not + V3  
e.g. :- इसके पूर्व मैंने ताजमहल नहीं देखा था । I had not seen the Taj Mahal before . वह बचपन से ही सत्यवादी नहीं था ।  He had not been truthful since his childhood .

         "Interrogative sentence"
#.      Had + sub + not + V3  + o
e.g. :- क्या डॉक्टर के आने के पहले रोगी मर चुका था? Had the patient died before the doctor came ? क्या महात्मा गांधी बचपन से सत्यवादी नहीं थे ?  Ha don't Mahatma Gandhi been truthful since his childhood ? 

  •                  "Wh-question"
# When/where/why/what/how +     had +sub + not + V3 + o 
e.g. ;- मेरे आने के पहले वह क्यों जा चुका था ? Why had he gone before I came ? वह कब से अनुपस्थित था ? Since when had he been absent ?  महात्मा गांधी बचपन से कैसे महान नहीं थे ? How hadn't Mahatma Gandhi been great since his childhood ?

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